Which sequence best describes the typical stages in civil litigation from claim to remedy?

• A. Claim filed, pleadings, discovery, pre-trial conferences, trial, judgment, remedies/damages, possible appeal.
• B. Claim filed, negotiations, mediation, trial.
• C. Claim filed, pleadings, discovery, pre-trial conferences, trial, judgment, remedies/damages, possible appeal.
• D. Claim filed, appeal, judgment.

Answer: (C)

Civil litigation typically moves through a formal progression that establishes the issues, gathers evidence, and then resolves them with a remedy and potential review. It starts with the claim being filed, followed by pleadings where each side sets out their case and responses. Discovery then allows both sides to obtain relevant information and documents. After that, pre-trial conferences help manage the matter, narrow issues, and encourage settlement if possible. If the dispute isn’t resolved, it goes to trial where evidence is presented and a decision is made. The judgment then leads to the appropriate remedies or damages awarded. If a party believes the outcome was incorrect, there is a route to appeal. This sequence captures the full, formal track from initiating the action to seeking a remedy and possible appellate review, more accurately than options that omit or skip these steps.